The DARKs

What is Matter? 

We are surrounded by matter, and we ourselves are made of matter. Matter is the fundamental building block of everything in the universe, including life on Earth, celestial bodies, and more. Matter is typically defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. It consists of atoms and molecules, often referred to as "baryonic" matter. Baryonic matter is easily detectable through conventional means and can be broken down into subatomic particles like leptons (e.g., electrons) and quarks, which are the building blocks of protons and neutrons. These subatomic particles, arranged in various combinations within atoms and molecules, give rise to the diverse world of matter around us.

What is Antimatter? 

Antimatter is the counterpart of normal matter and is often discussed in terms of matter-antimatter reactions for potential power sources. Antimatter is a unique concept where every particle in the universe has an antiparticle with the same mass but opposite spin and charge. When matter and antimatter particles collide, they annihilate each other, converting their mass into pure energy, usually in the form of gamma rays. The annihilation process has enormous energy potential and could be a remarkable source of power for advanced civilizations that develop the technology to harness it safely.

What is Dark Matter? 

In contrast to regular matter, dark matter is a mysterious substance that lacks luminosity, meaning it doesn't interact electromagnetically and, as a result, remains invisible. It neither reflects nor emits light, making it essentially undetectable through conventional observation methods. Dark matter's precise nature remains a significant mystery, but its gravitational influence on other massive objects, such as galaxies, has been well-documented by astronomers like Dr. Vera Rubin. Dark matter's presence is inferred primarily through its gravitational effects on normal matter. For example, it exerts gravitational forces that affect the movements of celestial objects, such as stars within galaxies. By studying the motions of these stars, scientists can indirectly detect the presence of dark matter, even though it remains elusive in terms of direct observation.

Timeline of Events:

• 1922: Jacobus Kapteyn, a Dutch astronomer, conducted experiments to map the distribution of stars in the sky, discovering star streaming and estimating the Sun's distance from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

• 1933: Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss astronomer, noticed that galaxies in the Coma Cluster were moving too fast to be held together by visible matter alone, leading to the concept of "dark matter."

• 1970: Vera Rubin and Kent Ford's measurement of galaxy rotation curves provided strong evidence for the existence of dark matter.

• 1974: Jeremiah Ostriker and James Peebles published a landmark paper proposing that ordinary galaxies' masses may have been underestimated, based on rotation curves and mass discrepancies in galaxy clusters.

• 1980: The cosmic microwave background (CMB) was used to measure the total amount of matter in the universe and study the distribution of dark matter.

• 1990: Astronomers found that visible matter constitutes only about 5% of the total density, with the rest being dark matter.

• 2000s and 2010s: Astronomers continued to study dark matter and dark energy using various methods and observations.

• 2023: Dark energy and dark matter remain significant mysteries in physics and cosmology, with ongoing efforts to understand their nature and role in the universe.

What is Dark Energy? 

Dark energy is a mysterious force that remains poorly understood but is known for its effects on the universe's expansion. It constitutes approximately 68% of the entire universe, while dark matter makes up around 27%, and ordinary matter, the matter we can observe, accounts for less than 5% of the universe's composition. Dark energy's primary effect is the acceleration of the universe's expansion, contradicting earlier expectations of a slowing expansion due to gravitational forces between galaxies.

Timeline of Events:

• 1998: Two independent teams of astronomers discovered that the universe's expansion is accelerating, which could only be explained by the presence of dark energy.

• 1999: The Lambda-CDM model, the standard model of cosmology, was established, including dark matter and dark energy.

• 2001: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite was launched, providing precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background and supporting the existence of dark energy.

• 2003: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was completed, contributing data about the distribution of dark energy in the universe.

• 2005: The Dark Energy Survey (DES) began, aiming to study dark energy and dark matter in great detail.

• 2013: The Planck satellite was launched, providing even more precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background and confirming the existence of dark energy.

• 2023: Dark energy remains one of the most significant mysteries in physics and cosmology, with ongoing efforts to understand its nature and role in the universe.

References:

1. Department of Energy - Dark Matter

2. Space.com - Dark Matter

3. NASA - What is Dark Energy?

4. Swinburne University - Baryonic Matter

5. Wikipedia - Baryon

6. ThoughtCo - What Constitutes Matter?

7. NASA - What is Dark Energy?